Earth, Planets and Space (EPS) is an international, peer-reviewed and open access e-journal publishing high-quality scientific articles in the Earth and Planetary Sciences, particularly geomagnetism, aeronomy, space science, seismology, volcanology, geodesy, and planetary science. EPS also welcomes articles in new and interdisciplinary subjects, including those on new instrumentation. EPS is co-published by five societies: SGEPSS, the Seismological Society of Japan, the Volcanological Society of Japan, the Geodetic Society of Japan, and the Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences. When a corresponding author is a SGEPSS member at the point of submission, the article processing charge (APC) discount is applied.